# Promorphisms, Pre and Post

To the.. uh, ‘layperson’, pre- and postpromorphisms are probably well into the WTF category of recursion schemes. This is a mistake - they’re simple and useful, and I’m going to try and convince you of this in short order.

Preliminaries:

{-# LANGUAGE DeriveFunctor #-}
{-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase #-}

import Data.Functor.Foldable
import Prelude hiding (sum)


For simplicity, let’s take a couple of standard interpreters on lists. We’ll define ‘sumAlg’ as an interpreter for adding up list contents and ‘lenAlg’ for just counting the number of elements present:

sumAlg :: Num a => ListF a a -> a
sumAlg = \case
Cons h t -> h + t
Nil      -> 0

lenAlg :: ListF a Int -> Int
lenAlg = \case
Cons h t -> 1 + t
Nil      -> 0


Easy-peasy. We can use cata to make these things useful:

sum :: Num a => [a] -> a
sum = cata sumAlg

len :: [a] -> Int
len = cata lenAlg


Nothing new there; ‘sum [1..10]’ will give you 55 and ‘len [1..10]’ will give you 10.

An interesting twist is to consider only small elements in some sense; say, we only want to add or count elements that are less than or equal to 10, and ignore any others.

We could rewrite the previous interpreters, manually checking for the condition we’re interested in and handling it accordingly:

smallSumAlg :: (Ord a, Num a) => ListF a a -> a
smallSumAlg = \case
Cons h t ->
if   h <= 10
then h + t
else 0
Nil      -> 0

smallLenAlg :: (Ord a, Num a) => ListF a Int -> Int
smallLenAlg = \case
Cons h t ->
if   h <= 10
then 1 + t
else 0
Nil      -> 0


And you get ‘smallSum’ and ‘smallLen’ by using ‘cata’ on them respectively. They work like you’d expect - ‘smallLen [1, 5, 20]’ ignores the 20 and just returns 2, for example.

You can do better though. Enter the prepromorphism.

Instead of writing additional special-case interpreters for the ‘small’ case, consider the following natural transformation on the list base functor. It maps the list base functor to itself, without needing to inspect the carrier type:

small :: (Ord a, Num a) => ListF a b -> ListF a b
small Nil = Nil
small term@(Cons h t)
| h <= 10   = term
| otherwise = Nil


A prepromorphism is a ‘cata’-like recursion scheme that proceeds by first applying a natural transformation before interpreting via a supplied algebra. That’s.. surprisingly simple. Here are ‘smallSum’ and ‘smallLen’, defined without needing to clumsily create new special-case algebras:

smallSum :: (Ord a, Num a) => [a] -> a
smallSum = prepro small sumAlg

smallLen :: (Ord a, Num a) => [a] -> Int
smallLen = prepro small lenAlg


They work great:

> smallSum [1..100]
55
> smallLen [1..100]
10


In pseudo category-theoretic notation you visualize how a prepromorphism works via the following commutative diagram:

The only difference, when compared to a standard catamorphism, is the presence of the natural transformation applied via the looping arrow in the top left. The natural transformation ‘h’ has type ‘forall r. Base t r -> Base t r’, and ‘embed’ has type ‘Base t t -> t’, so their composition gets you exactly the type you need for an algebra, which is then the input to ‘cata’ there. Mapping the catamorphism over the type ‘Base t t’ brings it right back to ‘Base t t’.

A postpromorphism is dual to a prepromorphism. It’s ‘ana’-like; proceed with your corecursive production, applying natural transformations as you go.

Here’s a streaming coalgebra:

streamCoalg :: Enum a => a -> ListF a a
streamCoalg n = Cons n (succ n)


A normal anamorphism would just send this thing shooting off into infinity, but we can use the existing ‘small’ natural transformation to cap it at 10:

smallStream :: (Ord a, Num a, Enum a) => a -> [a]
smallStream = postpro small streamCoalg


You get what you might expect:

> smallStream 3
[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]


And similarly, you can visualize a postpromorphism like so:

In this case the natural transformation is applied after mapping the postpromorphism over the base functor (hence the ‘post’ namesake).